Abstract: As global energy demand continues to rise and traditional energy sources become increasingly exhausted, tight gas reservoirs have become an important replacement resource. However, their development still faces challenges such as low efficiency and high energy consumption, and innovative technologies are urgently needed to realize efficient and green exploitation. This study focuses on the CO2 fracturing technology, and systematically elaborates its principle, geological burial mechanism, adaptability of tight gas reservoirs and key influencing factors, so as to provide theoretical support for the popularization and application of CO2 fracturing and storage technology. Read More

Abstract: This paper addresses the issue of wellbore cleaning during horizontal well drilling. A dynamic evaluation and assessment system for wellbore cleaning in horizontal wells has been developed using numerical simulation and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). First, numerical simulations were conducted using Fluent software to analyze the factors influencing the movement of rock cuttings in horizontal wells, such as drill string rotational speed, annular return velocity, drilling fluid properties, drill string eccentricity, and wellbore inclination angle. The effects of these factors on the cuttings transport behavior were investigated. First, numerical simulations were conducted using Fluent software to analyze the factors influencing the movement of rock cuttings in horizontal wells, such as drill string rotational speed, annular return velocity, drilling fluid properties, drill string eccentricity, and wellbore inclination angle. The effects of these factors on the cuttings transport behavior were investigated. Read More

Abstract: China has abundant deep coalbed methane (CBM) resources. Exploration and development efforts this year have revealed that deep CBM reservoirs are characterized by large resource volumes, intact coal structures, high gas content, high gas saturation, and significant development potential. However, significant differences in reservoir properties between deep and shallow coal seams, particularly in pore structure and fracture characteristics, pose challenges. These differences obscure gas migration patterns and make it difficult to establish effective development techniques. To address these challenges, this study examines deep coal reservoir samples from the Turpan-Hami and Junggar Basins. A comprehensive analysis of reservoir properties was conducted using multiple experimental methods. The findings reveal the multi-scale pore development and fracture characteristics of deep coal reservoirs, providing a theoretical basis for further exploration and development of deep CBM resources. Read More

Abstract: Raman spectroscopy is a rapidly developing rapid and non-destructive characterization technique for carbon materials in recent years, which has been widely applied to the characterization research of coal macromolecular structures. Through a systematic investigation, analysis, and summary of the research progress of Raman spectroscopy technology in the characterization of coal macromolecules at home and abroad, the following conclusions are obtained: (1) For the Raman spectroscopy testing of coal, processes such as boiling glue, polishing the sample, choosing different laser light sources, laser energies, and signal collection times will all have an impact on the Raman spectrum. Moreover, when performing peak fitting on the Raman spectrum, the coal rank of the sample and the structural information contained in the spectral peaks should be fully considered. (2) The influence of temperature on the structural evolution of organic matter in coal can be divided into two stages. Before graphitization, the Raman spectrum of coal shows irregular changes, while during the high-temperature graphitization process, the Raman disorder parameter gradually decreases. Under normal temperature and pressure conditions, the characteristic peaks of the Raman spectrum will shift linearly to a higher peak position, which is consistent with the response variation law of the Raman spectrum to stress. Additionally, the structural defects caused by tectonic stress will reduce the structural order of coal-measure graphite. (3) There is no strict corresponding relationship between the Raman spectrum disorder parameter and the coalification degree. Based on previous research results, it is believed that this may be closely related to factors such as the fact that the evolution of the order of coal macromolecular structures and the evolution of chemical structures are not completely synchronous, and that tectonic stress increases structural disorder by introducing structural defects. (4) Other … Read More

Abstract: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) widely distributed in the environment, with carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic properties, posing a serious threat to ecosystems and human health. This study provides a systematic review of the structural characteristics of PAHs, their sources and their environmental hazards, and focuses on the principles, applications and limitations of several remediation technologies. Among them, microbial remediation has become a research hotspot due to its high efficiency and environmental friendliness. The article further focuses on the research progress of microbial degradation of PAHs, and discusses the current research status of strain resources, microbial metabolic pathways and key degradation genes. To provide theoretical basis and technical reference for PAHs pollution control. Read More

Abstract: Isolated carbonate platforms represent a distinct category within the morphological classification of carbonate platforms. Investigating their evolutionary processes encompassing formation, development, and demise holds significant implications for reconstructing basin tectonic evolution, restoring paleogeography, paleo-oceanographic conditions, and paleoclimate, exploring organism-environment co-evolution, deciphering celestial orbital parameter variations, and guiding hydrocarbon source rock evaluation and reservoir development. This study systematically reviews the definition and classification of isolated platforms, establishing an idealized sedimentary facies model based on Wilson's standard facies zones and modern analogs from the Great Bahama Bank. Special emphasis is placed on elucidating controlling factors and methodological approaches governing platform evolution and termination, accompanied by critical assessments of their research significance and practical applications. Notably, isolated carbonate platform research has evolved from traditional qualitative field outcrop analyses to modern multi-method quantitative-semi-quantitative approaches. The emergence of 2D/3D digital geological technologies and numerical simulation models enables three-dimensional visualization of stratigraphic frameworks and facies distribution, facilitating precise geological investigations. Future research should integrate tectonic processes, eustatic fluctuations, and paleoclimatic contexts while prioritizing carbonate producers' response to environmental fluctuations during platform evolution. Read More

Abstract: This study examines the adsorption characteristics of coal under varying degrees of fragmentation using Chengzhuang No.3 coal as a case study. The research explores how fragmentation impacts the adsorption capacity of gases like methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂), which is critical for optimizing gas extraction and predicting coal and gas outburst risks. Coalbed methane (CBM) is a significant energy resource but poses safety risks in mines due to potential explosions. Previous studies have focused on the effects of coal metamorphism on adsorption capacity, often neglecting the impact of fragmentation on pore structure. This study collected 500 grams of coal samples from Chengzhuang No.3 seam, crushing them into 5-60 mesh and 60-80 mesh sizes for analysis. Experimental methods included scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze pore characteristics, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption to determine pore size and type, and high-pressure CH₄ and CO₂ adsorption experiments to measure adsorption capacity. SEM revealed metamorphic pores, dissolution pores, and flat slit pores in the coal. Low-temperature nitrogen adsorption showed a significant hysteresis loop, indicating complex pore structures. High-pressure adsorption experiments demonstrated that increased fragmentation enhances adsorption capacity, with finer coal samples showing higher adsorption rates. CO₂ exhibited greater adsorption capacity than CH₄ due to its stronger interaction with coal. The study concludes that fragmentation increases adsorption capacity by expanding pore volume and specific surface area. This finding is essential for improving gas extraction processes and mitigating coal and gas outburst risks. Read More

Abstract: In this paper, Pingdingshan coal mine is selected as the research area. Based on the conventional hydrochemical data of groundwater in coal mines, mathematical statistics and hydrogeochemical simulation are used to explore the evolution mechanism of groundwater hydrochemistry in the study area. It is indicated that the hydraulic connection of different water bodies is close, and there are many types of hydrochemical types, such as HCO3-Ca·Mg and HCO3-Na. The formation of each hydrochemical component is mainly controlled by water-rock interaction. Among them, Na++K+ mainly come from the dissolution process of salt rock, Ca2+, Mg2+ and HCO3- mainly come from the dissolution of carbonate rock, and SO42-mainly comes from the dissolution of gypsum. Read More

Abstract: Sulfate (SO₄²⁻) contamination in groundwater within mining areas has garnered widespread global attention, while prolonged coal mining activities have further complicated geological conditions and hydrogeochemical environments. This study investigates the sources and evolution of SO₄²⁻ in the Pingdingshan coal mining area based on multi-year hydrochemical data. Key findings are as follows:Ion correlation analysis demonstrates that cation exchange between Na⁺ and Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺ dominates hydrogeochemical processes in the groundwater; Spatiotemporal sulfate variations, analyzed through hydrochemical data and statistical methods, reveal that sulfate concentrations in the sandstone aquifer exhibit the most significant fluctuations under mining impacts, whereas phreatic and limestone groundwater sulfate concentrations oscillate within a range of 200 mg/L; Comparative analysis between the Pingdingshan (high geotemperature mining area) and Jiaozuo (ambient-temperature mining area) coal regions indicates that elevated geotemperature, water circulation, and water-rock interactions enhance mineral dissolution and sulfide oxidation, leading to anomalously high sulfate concentrations in groundwater; This study elucidates the migration and evolution mechanisms of SO₄²⁻ in the study area, providing critical insights for mitigating sulfate contamination in groundwater systems of high geotemperature coal mining regions in North China. Read More

Abstract: Landslide disaster is a serious threat to human survival and reproduction, and will also cause adverse effects on the natural environment. In this paper, the influence factors of landslide are analyzed from rock and soil, rock mass structure, man-made and natural aspects. The methods of landslide stability analysis are introduced from qualitative, quantitative and semi-quantitative aspects. The principle of prevention and control of slippery slope is introduced. Prevention should be the main and treatment should be the auxiliary. The landslide control measures are introduced from the slope top surface water cut-off, anti-slide pile, anti-slide retaining wall, clamp rod (cable) reinforcement and so on. The landslide disaster occupies the first place in the natural disaster, so the in-depth study on the relevant problems of landslide control is of great significance to the guarantee of people's life and property safety. Read More

Abstract: In this study, Methanosarcina horinobensis was used as the object to explore the degradation mechanism of sulfur-containing small molecular organics (ethanethiol, ethanol, etc.) and the formation process of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and methane (CH4) under strict anaerobic conditions. Through anaerobic fermentation experiments, combined with gas chromatograph and ion chromatograph analysis of gas and liquid phase composition changes, it was found that when ethanol was used as the substrate, the methanogenic capacity of the flora reached a peak at 14~26 days, and the cumulative gas production was 21.317 mL/g, and the concentration of CO2 fluctuated. When ethanethiol was used as the substrate, the production of H 2 S reached the peak (6.78 mL/g ) in the first 4 days of fermentation, and the production of CH was weak (0.00116 mL/g), and the peak period of the two was consistent. The liquid phase analysis showed that the concentration change of sulfur-containing inorganic ions (such as SO42- and S2O32- ) was not directly related to the formation of H2S, suggesting that the degradation of ethanethiol directly generated H2S and CH4. The study revealed that the strain catalyzed the decomposition of methyl compounds by methyltransferase, and used HS-CoM as an electron donor to convert methyl groups into CH4, accompanied by the formation of H2S. The conclusion shows that methanogens can directly use sulfur-containing methyl compounds, which provides a theoretical basis for revealing the biological origin and control technology of H2S in coal seams. Read More

Abstract: To accurately understand the atmospheric VOCs emissions in Jiaozuo City and strengthen air pollution control, this study established a 2019 anthropogenic atmospheric VOCs emission inventory using a combined "top-down" and "bottom-up" methodology. The results show that the total VOCs emissions reached 22,574 tons, with solvent use sources (40.9%), industrial process sources (25.9%), and mobile sources (18.3%) constituting the major contributors. Specifically, surface coating operations, petrochemical and chemical industries, and passenger vehicles emerged as the primary contributors to solvent use sources, industrial process sources, and mobile sources respectively. Spatially, Mengzhou City and Wuzhi County demonstrated relatively higher emissions, accounting for approximately 16% and 15% of the city's total emissions respectively. Read More

Abstract: As an important emission source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the plastic products industry has relatively few studies conducted on it. Therefore, this paper selects seven plastic products enterprises in Jiaozuo City for monitoring and analysis. By calculating the ozone formation potential and secondary organic aerosol formation potential of the plastic products industry, the environmental impact of this industry is understood. Through the calculation using the entropy method, the species subject to priority control in this industry are determined. The results show that in the plastic products industry of Jiaozuo City, the daily-use plastic products manufacturing industry has the highest VOCs concentration, which is 20.18 mg/m³, followed by the plastic pipe manufacturing industry (3.96 mg/m³), the synthetic leather made of plastics manufacturing industry (1.93 mg/m³), and the plastic packaging boxes and containers manufacturing industry (0.27 mg/m³). Among them, OVOCs are the main components of the plastic products industry, and the main contributing substances include ethyl acetate, n-butanal, 2-butanone, etc. The main contributing components of the plastic products industry to ozone formation and secondary organic aerosol formation are OVOCs and aromatic hydrocarbons respectively, and the main contributing substances are ethyl acetate, n-butanal, propionaldehyde, ethylbenzene, and toluene respectively. Read More

Abstract: In recent years, the research on Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures (MISS) and their biogeological processes has developed rapidly, and has attracted the attention of many scholars. These studies are mainly concentrated in the marine Precambrian. There are few studies on the structure of terrestrial microbial mats. Therefore, this paper takes the terrestrial Liujiagou Formation as the research object, and describes and studies the mat growth structure (nodular protrusions, Kenyan ripples, reticular growth ridges), mat destruction (mainly various forms of dehydration cracks, mainly including: spindle, polygonal mesh, curved, dendritic dehydration cracks), mat decay (gas escape structure and sand volcano) in the study area in detail. Read More

Abstract: The interaction between groundwater and surface water was a key link in the study of hydrological and ecological processes in riparian zones. Based on the literature of the SCI-E database of the core collection of Web of Science as the data source, the CiteSpace bibliometric tool was used to visualize the research literature on the interaction between groundwater and surface water in the riparian zone from the aspects of annual publication volume, research strength, subject distribution, and research hotspot frontier. The results showed that the number of research papers on the interaction between groundwater and surface water in the riparian zone was on the rise. The United States had the strongest research strength, while China needed to strengthen exchanges and cooperation with scientific research institutions in other countries. Research institutions such as the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Colorado State University, and the US Geological Survey had published a large number of papers. Soulsby C, Groffman P M, and Hill A R were the core authors. Journals such as Journal of Hydrology, Hydrological Processes, and Water Resources Research were the main carriers. Keyword co-occurrence analysis showed that the multi-level environmental interface dynamic process of surface water and groundwater, the coupling of hydrological-biogeochemical processes in riparian zones, and the eco-environmental effects of the interaction between groundwater and surface water were the core contents of the research on the interaction between groundwater and surface water in riparian zones. From keyword clustering and burst analysis, it could be seen that diversified comprehensive research methods, the source-sink model of nutrient elements in the riparian zone, the formation and evolution mechanism of groundwater under changing environments, and its geological-ecological effects were the frontier hotspots in the field of interaction between groundwater and surface water in the riparian … Read More

Abstract: China is rich in coalbed methane resources, comparable to conventional natural gas, with enormous development potential. However, low-permeability and low-pressure coal reservoirs are widespread, leading to generally low single-well production. This paper focuses on the coal samples from Zhangcun, Lu'an, and uses an independently developed high-voltage electric pulse fracturing platform to conduct high-voltage electric pulse fracturing experiments on coal bodies. Mercury pressure and liquid nitrogen adsorption techniques were employed to analyze changes in pore structure before and after fracturing. The conclusions are as follows: High-pressure mercury pressure test data show that after high-voltage electric pulse fracturing, the macroporosity and mesoporosity of the Zhangcun coal sample increase, along with their proportion of total pore volume, indicating that the electric pulse shock wave primarily affects the meso-and macroporosity of the coal body. Low-temperature liquid nitrogen adsorption data indicate that high-voltage electric pulse fracturing reduces the liquid nitrogen adsorption capacity of the Zhangcun coal sample, altering the internal pore morphology. The ink bottle pores in the Zhangcun coal sample are effectively modified after fracturing. Analysis of liquid nitrogen adsorption data shows that after high-voltage electric pulse fracturing, the average pore size of the mesopores in the Zhangcun coal sample increases, while the pore volume and specific surface area decrease, indicating that the modified coal sample exhibits pore transformation. Read More

Abstract: The study of pathogenic microorganism transport in porous media is of great significance for protecting drinking water resources. On the basis of summarizing existing research data at home and abroad, the transport behavior of microorganisms in porous media was analyzed. Research has shown that pathogenic microorganisms, as a type of biological colloid, are subject to multiple transport mechanisms during their transport process. In addition to common hydrodynamic and hydrochemical conditions, microorganisms are also influenced by their own properties, medium particles, and chemotaxis during transport. This review aims to summarize the relevant research on the transport of microorganisms in porous media in recent years, gain a deeper understanding of the transport behavior of microorganisms in porous media, and provide theoretical basis for their practical application in groundwater and soil pollution remediation. Read More

Abstract: The existing underground extraction methods have limitations and timeliness. The cost of mine outburst prevention and gas drainage is high, and the rate of gas drainage is low. The combination of gas surface extraction technology and underground gas extraction can effectively improve the effect of underground gas control. Aerodynamic surging technology is an important completion antireflection and outburst elimination technology for surface gas drainage wells. In Weijiadi Coal Mine, the application of aerodynamic oscillation cavitation technology to mine outburst prevention is one of the methods of cave completion. Through rapid gas pressure fluctuation, the reservoir produces stress damage, which leads to wellbore collapse, increases the exposed area of the reservoir, and destroys the coal seam blocked by the mud pollution channel around the wellbore. Through the suppression and discharge of high gas pressure, the blockage in the coal seam gap-coal ash can be poured into the wellbore, resulting in several self-supporting cracks extending in all directions, so as to realize the effective connection between the wellbore and the reservoir. Through the aerodynamic stimulation technology of the coal seam in the test well, the permeability of the plastic failure area is effectively increased, the efficient extraction of gas near the workload is realized, and the safety hazards of coal seam mining are eliminated in advance. It provides theoretical and practical support for the efficient development of coalbed methane and gas ground treatment, and has important engineering practical significance. Read More

Abstract: Triazine herbicides are commonly used and highly effective herbicides. In recent years, many studies have focused on the detection of triazine herbicide residues in the water environment in China and abroad. However, the distribution of triazine herbicides in western Pacific estuaries has not been reported. Therefore, this study utilized high flux solid-phase extraction technology to evaluate the residues of 13 triazine herbicides in the coastal estuaries of the Yangtze River Delta. High-throughput organic analyses combined with high volume solid-phase extraction showed that 11 of the 13 tested triazine herbicides were detected in estuaries along the Yangtze River Delta, namely, atrazine-desethyl, simazine, atrazine, desmetryn, metribuzin, ametryn, prometryn, terbutryn, hexazinone, atratone, and terbuthylazine. The concentration of hexazinone was the highest. To prevent risks to marine aquatic life, policymakers should adopt measures aimed at reducing the entry of triazine herbicides from urban and agricultural sources into the ocean. Read More

Abstract: With the continuous development of cities and the rapid increase of urban population, the problem of air pollution in cities has become increasingly prominent. Improving the living environment has become a hot topic at present. As one of the areas where people stay the longest, the street is directly connected to the atmosphere and is most affected by air pollutants. To explore the current research status and hotspot evolution of pollutants in urban street valleys, a bibliometric method was adopted. Through the classification and statistics of 182 papers in the WOS core collection on the diffusion mechanism of pollutants in street valleys, the research on street valley greening and pollutant emission characteristics, and the improvement of air quality in street valleys, The existing research results are summarized and sorted out from multiple aspects such as the number of published articles, co-cited journals of the literature, publishing institutions, and co-occurring keywords. The analysis of 182 literatures in the WOS core collection shows that the papers on urban street valley greening and pollutants began in 2012, and the number of published papers has shown a trend of increasing year by year and then decreasing. The research content mainly focuses on fields such as environmental science and architecture; The key words co-occurrence network graph reveals that the research hotspots in this direction are developing towards the wind environment. The research on the impact of urban street and valley greening on pollutant diffusion started relatively early. It is suggested that further related research be carried out in the fields of atmospheric science, physics, ecology, etc., to make greater contributions to improving the urban living environment. Read More

Abstract: The Er1 coal seam in Wangxingzhuang Coal Mine is an extremely weak coal seam. In order to explore the influence degree of geological conditions such as tunnel burial depth, seam thickness, mining influence, and support parameters such as bolt cable row spacing and U-shaped steel row spacing on the stability of roadway surrounding rock, this paper adopts the orthogonal test design numerical simulation scheme and evaluates the influence degree of each factor on the test index through range analysis. The results provide the parameter basis for roadway support of extremely weak coal seam in Wangxingzhuang Coal Mine. The research results of this paper have certain theoretical significance and engineering practice value. Read More

Abstract: The mechanical response characteristics of coal-rock masses containing structural defects in mining roadways, under engineering disturbances, are prone to inducing dynamic instability phenomena in surrounding strata, such as roof collapse and rib spalling. These dynamic hazards pose a significant threat to the safe extraction of deep resources. Therefore, this paper takes coal-rock samples from Shendong mining area as the research object, designs stepwise constant-amplitude cyclic loading-unloading tests, and utilizes rock fatigue testing machine and DIC equipment to analyze in detail the strain field evolution process and final failure mode of prefabricated fractured coal samples under cyclic loading. The results demonstrate that prefabricated fractures play a significant controlling role in crack initiation, propagation and coalescence, and dominate the final failure mode of specimens. Read More

Abstract: A comprehensive exploration was conducted on the ecological challenges faced by the three major environmental elements of the mining area ecosystem-soil, water, and atmosphere, and ecological restoration strategies were systematically elaborated to address these issues. In the field of land, reclamation and vegetation reconstruction technologies have been implemented; Ecological restoration and resource utilization measures have been taken for the water area. During the mining process in the mining area, subsidence prevention and control technologies including full filling mining, strip mining, and filling of overlying rock separation zones were adopted. At the same time, for the prevention and treatment of ground subsidence and cracks, a variety of technical means such as monitoring and early warning, temporary engineering reinforcement, anti-seepage treatment, vegetation reconstruction, and drainage ditch excavation have been comprehensively applied. Read More

Abstract: The “expansion–injection” anchoring technology of anchor cables in the bottom plate of soft rock roadways can not only give full play to the advantages of expansion anchoring to improve the anchoring effect of anchor cables in soft rock roadways, but also enhance the bearing capacity of the injected rock mass through grouting, thereby optimizing the stress distribution of the bottom plate and reducing the damage of the surrounding rock caused by tensile stress. Since the selection of grouting process parameters will directly affect the diffusion range and penetration effect of the grout, and the selection of grouting process parameters is often determined by experience and lacks scientific basis, this study uses numerical simulation to explore the influence of common grouting parameters such as grouting pressure, grouting time and the spacing of grouting anchor cables on the diffusion range of the grout. In order to provide a scientific basis for optimizing the design of roadway support. The numerical analysis results show that the grout diffusion radius increases nonlinearly with the increase of grouting pressure, while the expansion efficiency of the grout diffusion range gradually decreases and tends to be stable with the increase of grouting time. Meanwhile, a larger spacing of grouting anchor cables is not conducive to the formation of the grouting reinforcement area of the base plate. Finally, the reasonable parameter range was determined as the grouting pressure of 3-4 MPa, the grouting time of 8-10 minutes, and the anchor cable spacing of 2.5-3 m. Read More

Abstract: In order to solve the problems of complex advanced support of the mining roadway, high labor intensity, poor control effect of the surrounding rock of the roadway, and the impact of the mining efficiency of the working face during the mining period of the 12203 working face of Xinzheng Coal and Power Co., Ltd., the control technology of the surrounding rock of the mining roadway in the advanced area of the mining roadway was proposed. The numerical simulation data show that the peak value of the advanced support pressure is located 8.24m in front of the working and the peak vertical stress is 21.63MPa in the non-roofing scheme, and the peak value of the advanced support pressure is located 8.64m in front of the working roadway, and the peak stress increases slightly to 21.85MPa, so as to realize the transfer of the peak value of the advanced support pressure to the deep part of the coal and rock mass. The stress concentration area of the shallow surrounding rock in the roof cutting scheme is transferred to the deep part, so that the shallow surrounding rock of the roadway is in a relatively low stress state, which significantly improves the stress environment in the advanced area of the mining roadway and provides favorable conditions for the stability control of the roadway. Read More

Abstract: Biochar has emerged as a promising eco-friendly material for addressing chemical oxygen demand (COD) in wastewater treatment, offering sustainable alternatives to conventional purification methods. This review systematically examines its multifunctional roles through physicochemical characteristics including developed surface area, porous structure, and surface functional groups that collectively enable effective COD removal via adsorption, catalytic degradation, and microbial interactions. The oxidation-reduction reactions facilitated by persistent free radicals and oxygen-containing functional groups demonstrate particular effectiveness in decomposing complex organic pollutants. Recent advances highlight optimization strategies through precursor selection, pyrolysis condition modification, and hybrid systems combining biochar with advanced oxidation processes or biological treatments, which synergistically enhance treatment efficiency and operational stability. Practical applications reveal biochar's adaptability across various wastewater types, though performance variations depend on feedstock sources, activation methods, and reactor configurations. Environmental sustainability assessments indicate reduced secondary pollution risks compared to traditional chemical treatments, with potential for resource recovery through spent biochar utilization in soil amendment. Current challenges center on long-term stability in continuous flow systems, cost-effective regeneration techniques, and standardized evaluation protocols for industrial-scale implementation. Future research directions emphasize biochar-based composite material development, artificial intelligence-assisted process optimization, and life-cycle assessment frameworks to advance circular economy applications in water pollution control. Read More